Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are not openly available due to reasons of sensitivity and are available from the coordinator of the Vision Loss Expert Group (Professor Rupert Bourne; rb@rupertbourne.co.uk) upon reasonable request. Data are located in controlled access data storage at Anglia Ruskin University.
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Acknowledgements
The Global Burden of Disease Study is primarily funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1152504). The funder of this study had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the publication.
Funding
This study was funded by Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF), Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelberg.
Author information
Author notes
These authors contributed equally: Jaimie D. Steinmetz, Rupert R. A.Bourne.
Authors and Affiliations
Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
João M. Furtado
Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Jost B. Jonas
Department of Ophthalmology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
Ian Tapply
Federal University of Sao Paolo, Sao Paolo, SP, Brazil
Arthur G. Fernandes
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Arthur G. Fernandes
School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Scientific Institute San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
Alessandro Arrigo
University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff&Serge Resnikoff
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff
School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Carlton, VIC, Australia
Hugh R. Taylor
Vision and Eye Research Institute, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
Tabassom Sedighi,Rupert R. A. Bourne,Shahina Pardhan&Rupert R. A. Bourne
Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Seth Flaxman
Department of Ophthalmology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
Ufa Eye Research Institute, Ufa, Russia
Mukkharram M. Bikbov
School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
The Medical Eye Unit, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
University Hospital, Dijon, France
Alain Bron
National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Ching-Yu Cheng
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
Ching-Yu Cheng
Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
Nathan Congdon
Orbis International, New York, USA
Nathan Congdon
Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Nathan Congdon
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Monte A. Del Monte
Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, USA
Monte A. Del Monte
Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Australian College of Optometry, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Tim Fricke
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
Tim Fricke
UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Tim Fricke
Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
David Friedman
Institue of Ophthalmology UCL & NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
Gus Gazzard
Stanford University, Stanford, USA
M. Elizabeth Hartnett
Associated Ophthalmologists of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
Rim Kahloun
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
John H. Kempen
Eye Unit, MyungSung Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
John H. Kempen
Department of Ophthalmology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
John H. Kempen
Sight for Souls, Bellevue, WA, USA
John H. Kempen
Fattouma Bourguiba University Hospital, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
Moncef Khairallah
Allen Foster Community Eye Health Research Centre, Gullapalli Pratibha Rao International Centre for Advancement of Rural Eye care, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
Rohit C. Khanna
Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, L.V. Prasad Eye Institute, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, India
Rohit C. Khanna
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Rohit C. Khanna&Kovin S. Naidoo
University of Rochester, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
Rohit C. Khanna
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
Judy E. Kim
HelpMeSee, Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmologia, New York, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
University of Miami, Coral Gables, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
Nova Southeastern University College for Optometry, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
Janet Leasher
African Vision Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
Kovin S. Naidoo
Suraj Eye Instate, 559, New colony, Nagpur, India
Vinay Nangia
Institute of Optics and Optometry, University of Social Science, 121 Gdanska str, Lodz, 90-519, Poland
Michal Nowak
Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Konrad Pesudovs
Centre for Public Health, Queens University Belfast, Northern Ireland, Belfast, UK
Tunde Peto
John Hopkins Wilmer Eye Institute, Baltimore, USA
Pradeep Ramulu
1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ahepa Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
Fotis Topouzis
University of Crete Medical School, Giofirakia, Greece
Mitiadis Tsilimbaris
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, China
Ya Xing Wang
Beijing Institute of Ophthamology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Ningli Wang
Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
João M. Furtado
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Jost B. Jonas
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Jost B. Jonas
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Arthur G. Fernandes
Department of Ophthalmology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
Ophthalmology Department, CHU de Poitiers (Poitiers University Hospital), Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM), Poitiers, France
Nicolas Leveziel
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Paul Svitil Briant,Theo Vos,Katrin Burkart,Kaleb Coberly,Xiaochen Dai,Stephen S. Lim,Tomislav Mestrovic,Ali H. Mokdad,Peng Zheng&Jaimie D. Steinmetz
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
Theo Vos,Katrin Burkart,Xiaochen Dai,Stephen S. Lim,Ali H. Mokdad&Peng Zheng
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Serge Resnikoff&Kovin S. Naidoo
Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University Berlin), Berlin, Germany
Florian Fischer
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Abdollahi
Department of Public Health, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Tadele Girum Girum Adal
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Isaac Yeboah Addo
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Isaac Yeboah Addo
School of Public Health & Dept. of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
Kishor Adhikari
Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
Kishor Adhikari
Department of Physiology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, India
Prerna Agarwal
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Antonella Agodi
Department of Geography and Planning, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Williams Agyemang-Duah
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Aqeel Ahmad
Ophthalmic Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hamid Ahmadieh&Sare Safi
Department of Ophthalmology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hamid Ahmadieh
Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Hooman Ahmadzadeh
Evidence-Based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, USA
Fares Alahdab
Department of Ophthalmology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
Ahmad Samir Alfaar
Department of Ophthalmology, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Ahmad Samir Alfaar
Institute of Health Research, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Robert Kaba Alhassan&Mustapha Immurana
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Syed Shujait Shujait Ali
Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
Louay Almidani
Doheny Image Reading and Research Lab (DIRRL) - Doheny Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Department of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
Sofia Androudi
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Abhishek Anil&Muhammad Aaqib Shamim
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Abhishek Anil
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Jalal Arabloo
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Desta Debalkie Atnafu
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Alok Atreya
Epidemiology, Eyu-Ethiopia, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
Melese Kitu Ayalew
College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
Melese Kitu Ayalew
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Yared Asmare Aynalem
Department of Nursing, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
Yared Asmare Aynalem
Department of Nursing, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia
Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem
Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc, Saint Paul, MN, USA
Ahmed Y. Azzam
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Ahmed Y. Azzam
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Sara Bagherieh
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
Ruhai Bai
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Martina Barchitta&Andrea Maugeri
Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, USA
Mainak Bardhan
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Till Winfried Bärnighausen
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Till Winfried Bärnighausen
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn
Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fatemeh Bazvand
School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
Ahmet Begde
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Ahmet Begde
Department of Regulatory Affairs, NSF International, Ann Arbor, GA, USA
Babak Behnam
Department of Regulatory Affairs, Amarex Clinical Research, Germantown, MD, USA
Babak Behnam
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sonu Bhaskar
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sonu Bhaskar
Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
Bagas Suryo Bintoro
Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada University), Sleman, Indonesia
Bagas Suryo Bintoro
Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
Marina G. Birck
Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
Marina G. Birck
Ophthalmology Department, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Tasanee Braithwaite
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Yasser Bustanji
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Yasser Bustanji
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Florentino L. Caetano dos Santos
School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Vera L. A. Carneiro
Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals, Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
Vera L. A. Carneiro
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Muthia Cenderadewi
Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Muthia Cenderadewi
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Vijay Kumar Chattu
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Dinh-Toi Chu
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education Cooperative), Gandra, Portugal
Natália Cruz-Martins
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Natália Cruz-Martins
Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Omid Dadras
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Omid Dadras
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ana Maria Dascalu
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
Ana Maria Dascalu
Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Mohsen Dashti
2nd University Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Anna Dastiridou
Ophthalmology Department, University of Thessaly, Thessaly, Greece
Anna Dastiridou
Department of Radiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maedeh Dastmardi
Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maedeh Dastmardi
Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, USA
Xinlei Deng
St Paul’s Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
Nikolaos Dervenis
Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Nikolaos Dervenis
Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
Department of Human Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Mengistie Diress&Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Shirin Djalalinia
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Institute for Health Care Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
Joshua R. Ehrlich
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Michael Ekholuenetale,Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe&Kayode Raphael Fowobaje
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Michael Ekholuenetale
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Iman El Sayed
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Muhammed Elhadi
Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
Mehdi Emamverdi
Department of Nursing, Wolkite University, Wolkite, Ethiopia
Ambaw Abebaw Emrie&Ahmed Nuru Muhamed
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe
Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Ayesha Fahim
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, National University of Medical Sciences (NUMS), Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Umar Farooq
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Farrokhpour&Soheil Mohammadi
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Hossein Farrokhpour
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Fatehizadeh
Department of Social medicine and epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Alireza Feizkhah
University Eye Clinic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Lorenzo Ferro Desideri
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Getahun Fetensa
Institute of Health sciences, Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Bikila Regassa Feyisa
Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London, UK
Seth Flaxman
Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Forouhari
Emergency Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Ali Forouhari
Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences (DISCAB), University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Matteo Foschi
Department of Neuroscience, Hospital Santa Maria delle Croci, Ravenna, Italy
Matteo Foschi
Child Survival Unit, Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition, Ibadan, Nigeria
Kayode Raphael Fowobaje
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
Aravind P. Gandhi
Health Sciences department of Oncology Nursing, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Tilaye Gebru Gebi
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Miglas W. Gebregergis
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Mesfin Gebrehiwot
Department of Health, Policy Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Brhane Gebremariam
Simon Fraser University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Brhane Gebremariam
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel,Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile&Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
School of Public Health, Wolaita Sodo University, Sodo, Ethiopia
Molalegn Mesele Gesese
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani&Hengameh Kasraei
Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fariba Ghassemi
Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Sherief Ghozy
Health Systems and Policy Research Department, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Mahaveer Golechha
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Pouya Goleij
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Pouya Goleij
Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
Sapna Gupta
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Veer Bala Gupta
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Vivek Kumar Gupta
Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Semira Goitom Hailu
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Obesity Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Aram Halimi
Department of Ophthalmology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Shahin Hallaj
Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Shahin Hallaj
Brain and Behavioral Sciences Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
Billy Randall Hammond
Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Ikramul Hasan
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Hamidreza Hasani
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
Chapter of Addiction Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan&Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan,Fateme Montazeri&Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Sung Hwi Hong
Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, UK
Sung Hwi Hong
School of Social Sciences, The Apollo University, Chittoor, India
Praveen Hoogar
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
Department of Psychology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Chengxi Hu
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Hong-Han Huynh
School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Chidozie C. D. Iwu
Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Louis Jacob
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
Louis Jacob
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Abdollah Jafarzadeh
The World Academy of Sciences UNESCO, Trieste, Italy
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, China
Mihajlo Jakovljevic
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Shubha Jayaram
Zoonoses Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Mohammad Jokar
Department of Clinical Sciences, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Mohammad Jokar
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Nitin Joseph&Prasanna Mithra
Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Laleh R. Kalankesh
Manipal Institute of Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Sagarika Kamath
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Himal Kandel&Yuyi You
Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Himal Kandel
School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
Ibraheem M. Karaye
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Hengameh Kasraei
International Research Center of Excellence, Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria
Gbenga A. Kayode
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Gbenga A. Kayode
Department of Public Health, Werabe University, Werabe, Ethiopia
Shemsu Kedir
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Yousef Saleh Khader
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Himanshu Khajuria&Biswa Prakash Nayak
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
Global Consortium for Public Health Research, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Zahra Khorrami
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
Yun Jin Kim
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Adnan Kisa
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Adnan Kisa
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Sezer Kisa
Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
Soewarta Kosen
San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Barcelona, Spain
Ai Koyanagi
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Kewal Krishan
Department of Health Policy and Strategy, Foundation for People-centric Health Systems, New Delhi, India
Chandrakant Lahariya
SD Gupta School of Public Health, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, India
Chandrakant Lahariya
Department of Physiotherapy, Universitas Aisyiyah Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Tri Laksono
Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
Tri Laksono
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Dharmesh Kumar Lal
Chief Medical Office, HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA
Van Charles Lansingh
Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology, Queretaro, Mexico
Van Charles Lansingh
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Trang D. T. Le
Independent Consultant, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Trang D. T. Le
College of Optometry, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
Janet L. Leasher
Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Munjae Lee
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
Seung Won Lee
Department of Family Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, USA
Wei-Chen Lee
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
Xuefeng Liu
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Xuefeng Liu
Department of Ophthalmology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Alireza Mahmoudi
Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
Razzagh Mahmoudi
Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
Kashish Malhotra
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vahid Mansouri
Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Malaysia, Sarawak, Malaysia
Roy Rillera Marzo
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Roy Rillera Marzo
Department of Ophthalmology, Princess of Wales Hospital, Wales, UK
Colm McAlinden
School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
Colm McAlinden
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arbaminch, Ethiopia
Tesfahun Mekene Meto
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Abera M. Mersha
University Centre Varazdin, University North, Varazdin, Croatia
Tomislav Mestrovic
Department of Medical Physiology, Madda Walabu University, Bale-Goba, Ethiopia
Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie
Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Mehdi Mirzaei
Molecular Biology Unit, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
Nouh Saad Mohamed
Bio-Statistical and Molecular Biology Department, Sirius Training and Research Centre, Khartoum, Sudan
Nouh Saad Mohamed
University of Gondar, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Abdulwase Mohammed
Department of Biostatistics, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Mohammad Ali Moni
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Fateme Montazeri&Nazila Rezaei
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Moradi
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parsa Mousavi
Department of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
Admir Mulita
Discipline of Optometry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Kovin S. Naidoo
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Ganesh R. Naik
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Ganesh R. Naik
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Shumaila Nargus
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Zuhair S. Natto
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
Zuhair S. Natto
Independent Consultant, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Negaresh
Department of Internal Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Science, Ardabil, Iran
Mohammad Negaresh
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Hadush Negash
Division of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Dang H. Nguyen
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
Dang H. Nguyen
Cardiovascular Research Department, Methodist Hospital, Merrillville, IL, USA
Hien Quang Nguyen
Department of Surgery, Danang Family Hospital, Danang, Viet Nam
Phat Tuan Nguyen
Department of General Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Van Thanh Nguyen
International Islamic University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
Robina Khan Niazi
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
Mamoona Noreen
Department of Physiology, University of Benin, Edo, Nigeria
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Department of Physiology, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Nigeria
Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Ismail A. Odetokun
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
Andrew T. Olagunju
Department of Psychiatry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Andrew T. Olagunju
Department of Nursing Science, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
Matthew Idowu Olatubi
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Obinna E. Onwujekwe
Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Michal Ordak
School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
Nikita Otstavnov
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Mayowa O. Owolabi
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Jagadish Rao Padubidri
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Parsa Panahi
Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ashok Pandey
Research Department, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Ashok Pandey
Global Health Governance Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Jay Patel
School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Jay Patel
Department of Internal Medicine, Advent Health, Palm Coast, FL, USA
Venkata Suresh Patthipati
Department of Hospital Medicine, Sound Physicians, Palm Coast, FL, USA
Venkata Suresh Patthipati
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
Shrikant Pawar
Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Arokiasamy Perianayagam
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Ionela-Roxana Petcu
Medical School, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Hoang Tran Pham
Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
Ibrahim Qattea
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Pankaja Raghav Raghav
Department of Health Sciences, Cihan University Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Fakher Rahim
Cihan University Sulaimaniya Research Center (CUSRC), Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Fakher Rahim
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
Manipal TATA Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Mosiur Rahman
Department of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduch*erry, India
Premkumar Ramasubramani
Department of Medicine, Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan
Ahmed Mustafa Rashid
Department of Health Behaviour, Environment, and Social Medicine, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Annisa Utami Rauf
Department Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Egypt
Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
Department of Protein Research, Research and Academic Institution, Alexandria, Egypt
Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
Department of Labour, Directorate of Factories, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India
Priyanka Roy
Faculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Zahra Saadatian
Infectious Diseases Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
Zahra Saadatian
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Siamak Sabour
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Basema Saddik&Mohamed A. Saleh
Multidisciplinary Laboratory Foundation University School of Health Sciences (FUSH), Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Umar Saeed
International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR), Islamabad, Pakistan
Umar Saeed
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sare Safi
Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, Selangor, Malaysia
Sher Zaman Safi
Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Sher Zaman Safi
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Amene Saghazadeh
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Amirhossein Sahebkar
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Amirhossein Sahebkar
University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
Joseph W. Sakshaug
Institute for Employment Research, Nuremberg, Germany
Joseph W. Sakshaug
Medical Laboratory, Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Saina Salahi
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sarvenaz Salahi
Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products Department, Royan Institution, Tehran, Iran
Sarvenaz Salahi
Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Mohamed A. Saleh
School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
Department of Anatomy, Ras Al Khaimah Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
Vijaya Paul Samuel
Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdallah M. Samy
Medical Ain Shams Research Institute (MASRI), Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Abdallah M. Samy
Department of Pharmacology and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Aswini Saravanan
Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puduch*erry, India
Aswini Saravanan
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
Monika Sawhney
Market Access Division, Bayer, Istanbul, Türkiye
Mete Saylan
Comprehensive Ophthalmology, NOOR Eye Training Center, International Assistance Misison, Kabul, Afghanistan
Sayed Mansoor Sediqi
Research Department, Online Research Club, Nagasaki, Japan
Sayed Mansoor Sediqi
Faculty of Dentistry, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
Siddharthan Selvaraj
Department of Medicine and Surgery, Government Doon Medical College, Dehradun, India
Yashendra Sethi
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
Allen Seylani
Medical Research Center, Kateb University, Kabul, Afghanistan
Jaffer Shah
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Samiah Shahid
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Samiah Shahid
Centre of Medical and Bio Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Moyad Jamal Shahwan
Independent Consultant, Karachi, Pakistan
Masood Ali Shaikh
Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
Maryam Shayan
Ophthalmic Research Center (ORC), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Maryam Shayan
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
Mika Shigematsu
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Aminu sh*ttu
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Seyed Afshin Shorofi
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Seyed Afshin Shorofi
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Family, Health Promotion, and Life Course Department, Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC, USA
Juan Carlos Silva
School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
Jasvinder A. Singh
Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, USA
Jasvinder A. Singh
Department of Radiodiagnosis, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, India
Paramdeep Singh
Department of Ophthalmology, Hywel Dda University Health Board, Llanelli, UK
Eirini Skiadaresi
Directive Board, Associação de Profissionais Licenciados de Optometria (Association of Licensed Optometry Professionals), Linda-a-Velha, Portugal
Raúl A. R. C. Sousa
Division of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI), Moscow, Russia
Vladimir I. Starodubov
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berehan, Ethiopia
Birhan Tsegaw Taye
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia
Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Saif Ullah
Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Muhammad Umair
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Muhammad Umair
Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
Department of Ophthalmology Research, Queen Mamohato Memorial Hospital, Maseru, Lesotho
Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
Ophthalmology Unit, Bahir Dar University, Bahir dar, Ethiopia
Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada
Lin Yang
Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Lin Yang
Department of Health Management, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi (Süleyman Demirel University), Isparta, Türkiye
Arzu Yiğit
Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
Dong Keon Yon
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Naohiro Yonemoto
Macquarie Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Yuyi You
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russia
Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, China
Hanqing Zhao
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Makan Ziafati
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Magdalena Zielińska
Consortia
Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study
- João M. Furtado
- ,Jost B. Jonas
- ,Ian Tapply
- ,Arthur G. Fernandes
- ,Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- ,Alessandro Arrigo
- ,Nicolas Leveziel
- ,Serge Resnikoff
- ,Hugh R. Taylor
- ,Tabassom Sedighi
- ,Seth Flaxman
- ,Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- ,Mukkharram M. Bikbov
- ,Tasanee Braithwaite
- ,Alain Bron
- ,Ching-Yu Cheng
- ,Nathan Congdon
- ,Monte A. Del Monte
- ,Joshua R. Ehrlich
- ,Tim Fricke
- ,David Friedman
- ,Gus Gazzard
- ,M. Elizabeth Hartnett
- ,Rim Kahloun
- ,John H. Kempen
- ,Moncef Khairallah
- ,Rohit C. Khanna
- ,Judy E. Kim
- ,Van Charles Lansingh
- ,Janet Leasher
- ,Kovin S. Naidoo
- ,Vinay Nangia
- ,Michal Nowak
- ,Konrad Pesudovs
- ,Tunde Peto
- ,Pradeep Ramulu
- ,Fotis Topouzis
- ,Mitiadis Tsilimbaris
- ,Ya Xing Wang
- ,Ningli Wang
- &Rupert R. A. Bourne
the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators
- João M. Furtado
- ,Jost B. Jonas
- ,Ian Tapply
- ,Arthur G. Fernandes
- ,Maria Vittoria Cicinelli
- ,Alessandro Arrigo
- ,Nicolas Leveziel
- ,Paul Svitil Briant
- ,Theo Vos
- ,Serge Resnikoff
- ,Hugh R. Taylor
- ,Tabassom Sedighi
- ,Florian Fischer
- ,Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate
- ,Mohammad Abdollahi
- ,Tadele Girum Girum Adal
- ,Isaac Yeboah Addo
- ,Kishor Adhikari
- ,Prerna Agarwal
- ,Antonella Agodi
- ,Williams Agyemang-Duah
- ,Aqeel Ahmad
- ,Hamid Ahmadieh
- ,Hooman Ahmadzadeh
- ,Fares Alahdab
- ,Ahmad Samir Alfaar
- ,Robert Kaba Alhassan
- ,Syed Shujait Shujait Ali
- ,Louay Almidani
- ,Sofia Androudi
- ,Abhishek Anil
- ,Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor
- ,Jalal Arabloo
- ,Mubarek Yesse Ashemo
- ,Seyyed Shamsadin Athari
- ,Desta Debalkie Atnafu
- ,Alok Atreya
- ,Melese Kitu Ayalew
- ,Yared Asmare Aynalem
- ,Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem
- ,Ahmed Y. Azzam
- ,Sara Bagherieh
- ,Ruhai Bai
- ,Martina Barchitta
- ,Mainak Bardhan
- ,Till Winfried Bärnighausen
- ,Maurizio Battaglia Parodi
- ,Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn
- ,Fatemeh Bazvand
- ,Ahmet Begde
- ,Babak Behnam
- ,Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula
- ,Sonu Bhaskar
- ,Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- ,Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- ,Bagas Suryo Bintoro
- ,Marina G. Birck
- ,Tasanee Braithwaite
- ,Katrin Burkart
- ,Yasser Bustanji
- ,Florentino L. Caetano dos Santos
- ,Vera L. A. Carneiro
- ,Muthia Cenderadewi
- ,Vijay Kumar Chattu
- ,Dinh-Toi Chu
- ,Kaleb Coberly
- ,Natália Cruz-Martins
- ,Omid Dadras
- ,Xiaochen Dai
- ,Ana Maria Dascalu
- ,Mohsen Dashti
- ,Anna Dastiridou
- ,Maedeh Dastmardi
- ,Xinlei Deng
- ,Nikolaos Dervenis
- ,Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu
- ,Mengistie Diress
- ,Shirin Djalalinia
- ,Joshua R. Ehrlich
- ,Michael Ekholuenetale
- ,Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo
- ,Iman El Sayed
- ,Muhammed Elhadi
- ,Mehdi Emamverdi
- ,Ambaw Abebaw Emrie
- ,Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe
- ,Ayesha Fahim
- ,Umar Farooq
- ,Hossein Farrokhpour
- ,Ali Fatehizadeh
- ,Alireza Feizkhah
- ,Lorenzo Ferro Desideri
- ,Getahun Fetensa
- ,Bikila Regassa Feyisa
- ,Seth Flaxman
- ,Ali Forouhari
- ,Matteo Foschi
- ,Kayode Raphael Fowobaje
- ,Aravind P. Gandhi
- ,Tilaye Gebru Gebi
- ,Miglas W. Gebregergis
- ,Mesfin Gebrehiwot
- ,Brhane Gebremariam
- ,Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel
- ,Yibeltal Yismaw Gela
- ,Molalegn Mesele Gesese
- ,Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani
- ,Fariba Ghassemi
- ,Sherief Ghozy
- ,Mahaveer Golechha
- ,Pouya Goleij
- ,Sapna Gupta
- ,Veer Bala Gupta
- ,Vivek Kumar Gupta
- ,Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile
- ,Semira Goitom Hailu
- ,Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- ,Aram Halimi
- ,Shahin Hallaj
- ,Billy Randall Hammond
- ,Ikramul Hasan
- ,Hamidreza Hasani
- ,Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam
- ,Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan
- ,Sung Hwi Hong
- ,Praveen Hoogar
- ,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh
- ,Chengxi Hu
- ,Hong-Han Huynh
- ,Mustapha Immurana
- ,Chidozie C. D. Iwu
- ,Louis Jacob
- ,Abdollah Jafarzadeh
- ,Mihajlo Jakovljevic
- ,Shubha Jayaram
- ,Mohammad Jokar
- ,Nitin Joseph
- ,Charity Ehimwenma Joshua
- ,Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
- ,Laleh R. Kalankesh
- ,Sagarika Kamath
- ,Himal Kandel
- ,Ibraheem M. Karaye
- ,Hengameh Kasraei
- ,Gbenga A. Kayode
- ,Shemsu Kedir
- ,Yousef Saleh Khader
- ,Himanshu Khajuria
- ,Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh
- ,Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib
- ,Zahra Khorrami
- ,Yun Jin Kim
- ,Adnan Kisa
- ,Sezer Kisa
- ,Soewarta Kosen
- ,Ai Koyanagi
- ,Kewal Krishan
- ,Chandrakant Lahariya
- ,Tri Laksono
- ,Dharmesh Kumar Lal
- ,Van Charles Lansingh
- ,Trang D. T. Le
- ,Janet L. Leasher
- ,Munjae Lee
- ,Seung Won Lee
- ,Wei-Chen Lee
- ,Stephen S. Lim
- ,Xuefeng Liu
- ,Alireza Mahmoudi
- ,Razzagh Mahmoudi
- ,Kashish Malhotra
- ,Vahid Mansouri
- ,Roy Rillera Marzo
- ,Andrea Maugeri
- ,Colm McAlinden
- ,Tesfahun Mekene Meto
- ,Abera M. Mersha
- ,Tomislav Mestrovic
- ,Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie
- ,Mehdi Mirzaei
- ,Prasanna Mithra
- ,Nouh Saad Mohamed
- ,Soheil Mohammadi
- ,Abdulwase Mohammed
- ,Ali H. Mokdad
- ,Hossein Molavi Vardanjani
- ,Mohammad Ali Moni
- ,Fateme Montazeri
- ,Maryam Moradi
- ,Parsa Mousavi
- ,Ahmed Nuru Muhamed
- ,Admir Mulita
- ,Kovin S. Naidoo
- ,Ganesh R. Naik
- ,Shumaila Nargus
- ,Zuhair S. Natto
- ,Biswa Prakash Nayak
- ,Mohammad Negaresh
- ,Hadush Negash
- ,Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi
- ,Dang H. Nguyen
- ,Hien Quang Nguyen
- ,Phat Tuan Nguyen
- ,Van Thanh Nguyen
- ,Robina Khan Niazi
- ,Mamoona Noreen
- ,Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam
- ,Ismail A. Odetokun
- ,Andrew T. Olagunju
- ,Matthew Idowu Olatubi
- ,Obinna E. Onwujekwe
- ,Michal Ordak
- ,Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu
- ,Nikita Otstavnov
- ,Mayowa O. Owolabi
- ,Jagadish Rao Padubidri
- ,Parsa Panahi
- ,Ashok Pandey
- ,Shahina Pardhan
- ,Jay Patel
- ,Venkata Suresh Patthipati
- ,Shrikant Pawar
- ,Arokiasamy Perianayagam
- ,Ionela-Roxana Petcu
- ,Hoang Tran Pham
- ,Ibrahim Qattea
- ,Pankaja Raghav Raghav
- ,Fakher Rahim
- ,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar
- ,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman
- ,Mosiur Rahman
- ,Premkumar Ramasubramani
- ,Ahmed Mustafa Rashid
- ,Annisa Utami Rauf
- ,Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan
- ,Nazila Rezaei
- ,Priyanka Roy
- ,Zahra Saadatian
- ,Siamak Sabour
- ,Basema Saddik
- ,Umar Saeed
- ,Sare Safi
- ,Sher Zaman Safi
- ,Amene Saghazadeh
- ,Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari
- ,Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari
- ,Amirhossein Sahebkar
- ,Joseph W. Sakshaug
- ,Saina Salahi
- ,Sarvenaz Salahi
- ,Mohamed A. Saleh
- ,Yoseph Leonardo Samodra
- ,Vijaya Paul Samuel
- ,Abdallah M. Samy
- ,Aswini Saravanan
- ,Monika Sawhney
- ,Mete Saylan
- ,Sayed Mansoor Sediqi
- ,Siddharthan Selvaraj
- ,Yashendra Sethi
- ,Allen Seylani
- ,Jaffer Shah
- ,Samiah Shahid
- ,Moyad Jamal Shahwan
- ,Masood Ali Shaikh
- ,Muhammad Aaqib Shamim
- ,Maryam Shayan
- ,Mika Shigematsu
- ,Aminu sh*ttu
- ,Seyed Afshin Shorofi
- ,Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
- ,Juan Carlos Silva
- ,Jasvinder A. Singh
- ,Paramdeep Singh
- ,Eirini Skiadaresi
- ,Raúl A. R. C. Sousa
- ,Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy
- ,Vladimir I. Starodubov
- ,Birhan Tsegaw Taye
- ,Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu
- ,Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay
- ,Miltiadis K. Tsilimbaris
- ,Saif Ullah
- ,Muhammad Umair
- ,Sahel Valadan Tahbaz
- ,Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe
- ,Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn
- ,Lin Yang
- ,Arzu Yiğit
- ,Dong Keon Yon
- ,Naohiro Yonemoto
- ,Yuyi You
- ,Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin
- ,Hanqing Zhao
- ,Peng Zheng
- ,Makan Ziafati
- ,Magdalena Zielińska
- ,Jaimie D. Steinmetz
- &Rupert R. A. Bourne
Contributions
Please see Appendix for more detailed information about individual author contributions to the research, divided into the following categories: managing the overall research enterprise; writing the first draft of the manuscript; primary responsibility for applying analytical methods to produce estimates; primary responsibility for seeking, cataloguing, extracting, or cleaning data; designing or coding figures and tables; providing data or critical feedback on data sources; developing methods or computational machinery; providing critical feedback on methods or results; drafting the manuscript or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and managing the estimation or publications process.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to João M. Furtado.
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators T W Bärnighausen reports support for the present manuscript from Fondation Botnar and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health; grants or contracts from National Institutes of Health (NIH), Wellcome, German National Science Foundation, German Ministry of Education and Research, Volkswagen Foundation, European Union Horizon Europe, German Ministry of the Environment, Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Else-Kröner Fresenius Foundation, International Vaccine Institute for grants to Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Germany; stock or stock options in EUR 5000 ownership stake in a consultancy on climate change and health research; all outside the submitted work. R Bai reports support for the present manuscript from Social Science Fund of Jiangsu Province (grant number 21GLD008) N Bayleyegn reports leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with project HIPPO and GECKO as a hospital lead as well as Ethiopia as a member of a surgical society. S Bhaskar reports grants or contracts from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) Grant 2023-25 and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japan. T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from Fight for Sight/Royal College of Ophthalmologists for Zakarian Award (RCOZAK2202). X Dai reports support for the present manuscript from IHME/UW for paid salary. A Dastiridou support for attending meetings and/or travel from THEA and ABBVIE. M Foschi reports consulting fees from Roche and Novartis as a scientific consultant; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Roche, Novartis, Biogen, Merck, and Sanofi; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with MSBase collaboration scientific leadership group as a member. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and Lions Club International Foundation. S Hallaj reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health Bridge to Artificial Intelligence common fund, grant # OT2OD032644. I M Karaye support for attending meetings and/or travel from Hofstra University and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. K Krishan reports other support from Kewal Krishan acknowledges non-financial support from the UGC Centre of Advanced Study, CAS II, awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India, outside the submitted work. T Laksono reports support for attending meetings and/or travel outside the submitted work. V C Lansingh reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from HwelpMeSee. M Lee reports support from the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2021R1I1A4A01057428) and Bio-convergence Technology Education Program through the Korea Institute for Advancement Technology (KIAT) funded by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (No. P0017805), all outside the submitted work. C McAlinden reports grants or contracts from the Welsh Government for a research grant related to diabetic eye disease (unpaid role)]; consulting fees from: Acufocus (Irvine, California, USA), Atia Vision (Campbell, California, USA), Bausch and Lomb (Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA), BVI (Liège, Belgium), Coopervision (Pleasanton, California, USA), Cutting Edge (Labége, France), Fudan University (Fudan, China), Hoya (Frankfurt, Germany), Knowledge Gate Group (Copenhagen, Denmark), Johnson & Johnson Surgical Vision (Santa Ana, California, USA), Keio University (Tokyo, Japan), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (München, Germany), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France), Ophtec BV (Groningen, The Netherlands), SightGlass vision (Menlo Park, California, USA), Science in Vision (Bend, Oregan, USA), Scope (Crawley, UK), SpyGlass (Aliso Viejo, California, USA), Sun Yat-sen University (Guangzhou, China), Targomed GmbH (Bruchsal, Germany), University of São Paulo (São Paulo, Brazil), Vold Vision (Arkansas, USA); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Scope (Crawley, UK), and Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); support for attending meetings and/or travel from the following over the past thirty-six months: Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), British Society of Refractive Surgery (Oxford, UK), Portuguese Society of Ophthalmology (Coimbra, Portugal), Royal College of Ophthalmologists (London, UK), Scope (Crawley, UK), Thea pharmaceuticals (Clemont-Ferrand, France); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with the British Society for Refractive Surgery as a council member (unpaid role), a PROM advisor to the Royal College of Ophthalmologists (unpaid role), an editorial board member for Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology, Eye and Vision, Archives of Medical Science, Journal of Clinical Medicine, Journal of Ophthalmology, and Journal of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology as well as an Associate Editor for Frontiers in Medicine – Ophthalmology; and other support as a developer of the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire and the Orthokeratology and Contact Lens Quality of Life Questionnaire (OCL-QoL) having a financial interest in these tools and consults on topics including Rasch analysis, questionnaires, statistical analyses, and clinical/surgical ophthalmology topics. Dr McAlinden has undertaken paid peer reviews for Research Square (Durham, North Carolina, USA); all outside the submitted work. Y L Samodra reports grants or contracts from Taipei Medical University for a Ph.D. Scholarship; leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder, all outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, PK Med, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Jupiter Life Science, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, and Practice Point communications; and the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking; support for attending meetings and/or travel from OMERACT as a past steering committee for attending their meeting every 2 years; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee as a member (No financial support); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as a past steering committee member of the OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm’s length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, Co-Chair of the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee (No financial support), and editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis (No financial support); stock or stock options in Atai life sciences, Kintara therapeutics, Intelligent Biosolutions, Acumen pharmaceutical, TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals, Atyu biopharma, Adaptimmune Therapeutics, GeoVax Labs, Pieris Pharmaceuticals, Enzolytics Inc., Seres Therapeutics, Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp., and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc. as well as previous stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna pharmaceuticals, all outside the submitted work. E Skiadaresi reports consulting fees from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), Roche (Basel, Switzerland), Medevise Consulting SAS (Strasbourg, France); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche (Basel, Switzerland); support for attending meetings and/or travel from Bayer (Leverkusen, Germany), Novartis (Basel, Switzerland), and Roche ((Basel, Switzerland); leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Chair of ATHENA Trial Steering Committee, UK (unpaid); all outside the submitted work. B T Taye reports support for the present manuscript from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Fondation Thea, Fred Hollows Foundation, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Lions Clubs International Foundation (LCIF), Sightsavers International, and University of Heidelber. The funder has no role in designing and preparing the manuscript. J H V Ticoalu leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid with Benang Merah Research Center as Co-founder. M Zielińska reports other support as an AstraZeneca employee; outside the submitted work. Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study T Braithwaite reports grants or contracts from any entity from Zakarian Award Fight for Sight/Royal College of Ophthalmologists (RCOZAK2202). A Bron reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Théa. N Congdon reports grants or contracts from any entity from Welcome Trust and MRC; consulting fees from Belkin Vision; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Singapore National Eye Center. M A Del Monte reports support for attending meetings and/or travel from the University of Michigan; and leadership or fiduciary roles in board, society, committee or advocacy groups, paid or unpaid as past president of Costenbader Society. T Fricke reports grants or contracts from any entity from Brien Holden Vision Institute, Victorian Lions Foundation, International Myopia Institute, and Australian government; and support for attending meetings and/or travel from International Myopia Institute. D Friedman reports grants or contracts from any entity from Perivison and Genentech (to the institution for research); consulting fees from Abbvie and Life Biosciences; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Thea Pharmaceuticals; support for attending meetings and/or travel from Thea Pharmaceuticals; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, from Orbis International as member of board of governors. J M Furtado reports consulting fees from Pan American Health Organization and from Lions Club International Foundation. G Gazzard reports consulting fees from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision LTD; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios; Genentech/Roche; Reichert; Théa and ViaLase; payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Alcon Laboratories, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Ellex; participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Alcon Laboratories, Inc; Allergan, Inc; BELKIN Vision Ltd; Carl Zeiss Meditec; Elios and Visufarma; and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Glaucoma UK Medical Advisory Board and UK&Eire Glaucoma Society as president. M E Hartnett reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Michael F. Marmor, M.D. Professor of Retinal Science and Disease as endowment to support salary; grants or contracts from any entity (from National Eye Institute R01 EY017011 and National Eye Institute R01 EY015130) as partial salary support; patents planned, issued or pending (WO2015123561A2 and WO2021062169A1); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with Jack McGovern Coats’ Disease Foundation and as director of Women’s Eye Health and Macular Society Grant Review Chair. J H Kempen reports support for the present manuscript (e.g., funding, provision of study materials, medical writing, article processing charges, etc.) from Mass Eye and Ear Global Surgery Program (as support of salary); and grants or contracts from any entity from Sight for Souls (as support of salary). J E Kim reports consulting fees from Genentech/Roche, DORC, Notal Vision and Outlook Therapeutics (all as payment to J E Kim); participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Allergan, Amgen, Apellis, Bausch&Lomb, Clearside, Coherus, Novartis and Regeneron (all as participation on advisory board); leadership or fiduciary role in other borad, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid, with AAO, APRIS, ASRS, Macular Society and NAEVR/AEVR (all unpaid); and receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Clearside and Genentech/Roche (both for medical writing). V C Lansingh reports consulting fees from HelpMeSee (as an employee); and support for attending meetings and/or travel from HelpMeSee (pay airfare and hotel). J Leasher reports leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with National Eye Institute (as a member) and National Eye Health Education Program planning committee (unpaid). M Nowak reports participation on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board with Vision Express Co. Poland as the chairman of medical advisory board of Vision Express Co. Poland. P Ramulu reports grants or contracts from National Institute of Health and Perfuse Therapeutics; and consulting fees from Alcon and W. L. Gore. F Topouzis reports grants or contracts from Théa, Omikron, Pfizer, Alcon, Abbvie and Bayer (all paid to Institution); consulting fees from Omikron, Théa and Bausch & Lomb (all paid to Topouzis); payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from Omikron (paid to Topouzis), Abbvie and Roche (both paid to Institute); and leadership or fiduciary role in other board, society, committee or advocacy group, paid or unpaid with European Glaucoma Society (as president), Greek Glaucoma Society (as president) and Board of Governors, World Glaucoma Association (all unpaid).
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Appendix: Contributions by Authors
GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators
Providing data or critical feedback on data sources
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Tadele Girum Girum Adal, Kishor Adhikari, Antonella Agodi, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Fares Alahdab, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Louay Almidani, Sofia Androudi, Jalal Arabloo, Alessandro Arrigo, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Alok Atreya, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem, Ahmed Y Azzam, Sara Bagherieh, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Ahmet Begde, Babak Behnam, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Rupert R. A.Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Paul Svitil Briant, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Muthia Cenderadewi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dinh-Toi Chu, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Natália Cruz-Martins, Xiaochen Dai, Maedeh Dastmardi, Nikolaos Dervenis, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Joshua R Ehrlich, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Ambaw Abebaw Emrie, Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Alireza Feizkhah, Arthur G Fernandes, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Seth Flaxman, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, João M Furtado, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Brhane Gebremariam, Molalegn Mesele Gesese, Fariba Ghassemi, Sherief Ghozy, Mahaveer Golechha, Pouya Goleij, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Sung Hwi Hong, Praveen Hoogar, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Chengxi Hu, Hong-Han Huynh, Chidozie C D Iwu, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Shubha Jayaram, Jost B Jonas, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Laleh R Kalankesh, Himal Kandel, Gbenga A Kayode, Shemsu Kedir, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Soewarta Kosen, Kewal Krishan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Nicolas Leveziel, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Kashish Malhotra, Roy Rillera Marzo, Andrea Maugeri, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Soheil Mohammadi, Ali H Mokdad, Mohammad Ali Moni, Maryam Moradi, Admir Mulita, Kovin S Naidoo, Ganesh R Naik, Shumaila Nargus, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Dang H Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Ismail A Odetokun, Andrew T Olagunju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Mayowa O Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Jay Patel, Shrikant Pawar, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Hoang Tran Pham, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Annisa Utami Rauf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Serge Resnikoff, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Joseph W Sakshaug, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Sayed Mansoor Sediqi, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Jaffer Shah, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Maryam Shayan, Aminu sh*ttu, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Ian Tapply, Hugh R Taylor, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Theo Vos, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, and Magdalena Zielińska.
Developing methods or computational machinery
Alessandro Arrigo, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Ahmed Y Azzam, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Rupert R. A.Bourne, Paul Svitil Briant, Kaleb Coberly, Xiaochen Dai, Maedeh Dastmardi, Michael Ekholuenetale, Mehdi Emamverdi, Ayesha Fahim, Ali Fatehizadeh, Arthur G Fernandes, Seth Flaxman, Sherief Ghozy, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Hong-Han Huynh, Jost B Jonas, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Adnan Kisa, Chandrakant Lahariya, Nicolas Leveziel, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Ali H Mokdad, Mohammad Ali Moni, Admir Mulita, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Michal Ordak, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Hoang Tran Pham, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Umar Saeed, Abdallah M Samy, Monika Sawhney, Tabassom Sedighi, Jaimie D Steinmetz, Ian Tapply, Hugh R Taylor, Muhammad Umair, Theo Vos, and Peng Zheng.
Providing critical feedback on methods or results
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohammad Abdollahi, Tadele Girum Girum Adal, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Kishor Adhikari, Antonella Agodi, Aqeel Ahmad, Hamid Ahmadieh, Hooman Ahmadzadeh, Fares Alahdab, Ahmad Samir Alfaar, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Louay Almidani, Sofia Androudi, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Alessandro Arrigo, Mubarek Yesse Ashemo, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Alok Atreya, Melese Kitu Ayalew, Yared Asmare Aynalem, Zewdu Bishaw Aynalem, Ahmed Y Azzam, Sara Bagherieh, Ruhai Bai, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Fatemeh Bazvand, Ahmet Begde, Babak Behnam, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, RupertR. A. Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Paul Svitil Briant, Katrin Burkart, Yasser Bustanji, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Vera L A Carneiro, Muthia Cenderadewi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dinh-Toi Chu, Natália Cruz-Martins, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Ana Maria Dascalu, Mohsen Dashti, Anna Dastiridou, Maedeh Dastmardi, Xinlei Deng, Nikolaos Dervenis, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Mengistie Diress, Shirin Djalalinia, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Mehdi Emamverdi, Ambaw Abebaw Emrie, Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Umar Farooq, Hossein Farrokhpour, Ali Fatehizadeh, Alireza Feizkhah, Arthur G Fernandes, Lorenzo Ferro Desideri, Getahun Fetensa, Bikila Regassa Feyisa, Florian Fischer, Seth Flaxman, Ali Forouhari, Matteo Foschi, Kayode Raphael Fowobaje, João M Furtado, Aravind P Gandhi, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Brhane Gebremariam, Molalegn Mesele Gesese, Khalil Ghasemi Falavarjani, Fariba Ghassemi, Sherief Ghozy, Mahaveer Golechha, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Semira Goitom Hailu, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Aram Halimi, Shahin Hallaj, Billy Randall Hammond, Ikramul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Hossein Hassanian-Moghaddam, Mahsa Heidari-Foroozan, Sung Hwi Hong, Praveen Hoogar, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Chengxi Hu, Hong-Han Huynh, Mustapha Immurana, Chidozie C D Iwu, Louis Jacob, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Shubha Jayaram, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Laleh R Kalankesh, Sagarika Kamath, Himal Kandel, Ibraheem M Karaye, Gbenga A Kayode, Shemsu Kedir, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Zahra Khorrami, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Tri Laksono, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Van Charles Lansingh, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Munjae Lee, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Nicolas Leveziel, Stephen S Lim, Xuefeng Liu, Alireza Mahmoudi, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Kashish Malhotra, Vahid Mansouri, Roy Rillera Marzo, Andrea Maugeri, Colm McAlinden, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Abera M Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie, Mehdi Mirzaei, Prasanna Mithra, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdulwase Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Ahmed Nuru Muhamed, Admir Mulita, Ganesh R Naik, Shumaila Nargus, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Mohammad Negaresh, Hadush Negash, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Dang H Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Ismail A Odetokun, Andrew T Olagunju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Michal Ordak, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Nikita Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Parsa Panahi, Ashok Pandey, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Shrikant Pawar, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Hoang Tran Pham, Ibrahim Qattea, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mosiur Rahman, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Annisa Utami Rauf, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Serge Resnikoff, Nazila Rezaei, Priyanka Roy, Zahra Saadatian, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Sare Safi, Sher Zaman Safi, Narjes Saheb Sharif-Askari, Joseph W Sakshaug, Mohamed A Saleh, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Sayed Mansoor Sediqi, Yashendra Sethi, Jaffer Shah, Samiah Shahid, Masood Ali Shaikh, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Maryam Shayan, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu sh*ttu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Juan Carlos Silva, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vladimir I Starodubov, Ian Tapply, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Jansje Henny Vera Ticoalu, Guesh Mebrahtom Tsegay, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Theo Vos, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn, Arzu Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Yuyi You, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Hanqing Zhao, and Magdalena Zielińska.
Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content
Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Mohammad Abdollahi, Tadele Girum Girum Adal, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Prerna Agarwal, Antonella Agodi, Hamid Ahmadieh, Hooman Ahmadzadeh, Fares Alahdab, Ahmad Samir Alfaar, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Louay Almidani, Abhishek Anil, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Jalal Arabloo, Alessandro Arrigo, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Alok Atreya, Melese Kitu Ayalew, Ahmed Y Azzam, Sara Bagherieh, Martina Barchitta, Mainak Bardhan, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi, Ahmet Begde, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Marina G Birck, Rupert R. A.Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Paul Svitil Briant, Yasser Bustanji, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Muthia Cenderadewi, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Dinh-Toi Chu, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Natália Cruz-Martins, Ana Maria Dascalu, Anna Dastiridou, Maedeh Dastmardi, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joshua R Ehrlich, Michael Ekholuenetale, Iman El Sayed, Muhammed Elhadi, Mehdi Emamverdi, Ambaw Abebaw Emrie, Adeniyi Francis fa*gbamigbe, Ayesha Fahim, Ali Fatehizadeh, Arthur G Fernandes, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Seth Flaxman, Ali Forouhari, Matteo Foschi, João M Furtado, Aravind P Gandhi, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Brhane Gebremariam, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Yibeltal Yismaw Gela, Fariba Ghassemi, Sherief Ghozy, Sapna Gupta, Veer Bala Gupta, Vivek Kumar Gupta, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Aram Halimi, Shahin Hallaj, Billy Randall Hammond, Ikramul Hasan, Hamidreza Hasani, Hong-Han Huynh, Mustapha Immurana, Chidozie C D Iwu, Louis Jacob, Abdollah Jafarzadeh, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Shubha Jayaram, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Gebisa Guyasa Kabito, Sagarika Kamath, Himal Kandel, Hengameh Kasraei, Gbenga A Kayode, Shemsu Kedir, Yousef Saleh Khader, Himanshu Khajuria, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Ai Koyanagi, Kewal Krishan, Chandrakant Lahariya, Van Charles Lansingh, Janet L Leasher, Nicolas Leveziel, Xuefeng Liu, Razzagh Mahmoudi, Vahid Mansouri, Roy Rillera Marzo, Andrea Maugeri, Colm McAlinden, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Tomislav Mestrovic, Ephrem Tesfaye Mihretie, Mehdi Mirzaei, Prasanna Mithra, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Soheil Mohammadi, Abdulwase Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Hossein Molavi Vardanjani, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, Maryam Moradi, Parsa Mousavi, Kovin S Naidoo, Shumaila Nargus, Zuhair S Natto, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Mohammad Negaresh, Hadush Negash, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Dang H Nguyen, Hien Quang Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Robina Khan Niazi, Mamoona Noreen, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Ismail A Odetokun, Andrew T Olagunju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Michal Ordak, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Nikita Otstavnov, Mayowa O Owolabi, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Shahina Pardhan, Jay Patel, Venkata Suresh Patthipati, Shrikant Pawar, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Ionela-Roxana Petcu, Hoang Tran Pham, Ibrahim Qattea, Pankaja Raghav Raghav, Fakher Rahim, Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Premkumar Ramasubramani, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Serge Resnikoff, Nazila Rezaei, Priyanka Roy, Siamak Sabour, Basema Saddik, Umar Saeed, Amene Saghazadeh, Fatemeh Saheb Sharif-Askari, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Saina Salahi, Sarvenaz Salahi, Vijaya Paul Samuel, Abdallah M Samy, Aswini Saravanan, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Jaffer Shah, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Jamal Shahwan, Muhammad Aaqib Shamim, Mika Shigematsu, Aminu sh*ttu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Jasvinder A Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Eirini Skiadaresi, Raúl A R C Sousa, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Vladimir I Starodubov, Birhan Tsegaw Taye, Miltiadis K Tsilimbaris, Saif Ullah, Muhammad Umair, Sahel Valadan Tahbaz, Theo Vos, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Guadie Sharew Wondimagegn, Lin Yang, Arzu Yiğit, Dong Keon Yon, Naohiro Yonemoto, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Makan Ziafati, and Magdalena Zielińska.
Managing the estimation or publications process
Rupert R. A.Bourne, João M Furtado, Ali H Mokdad, and Theo Vos
Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study
Providing data or critical feedback on data sources
Alessandro Arrigo, Maurizio Battaglia Parodi, Mukharram M Bikbov, Rupert R A Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Alain Bron, Ching-Yu Cheng, Maria Vittoria Cicinelli, Nathan Congdon, Monte A Del Monte, Joshua R Ehrlich, Arthur Fernandes, Seth Flaxman, Tim Fricke, David Friedman, João M Furtado, Gus Gazzard, M Elizabeth Hartnett, Jost B Jonas, Rim Kahloun, John H Kempen, Moncef Khairallah, Rohit C Khanna, Judy E Kim, Van Charles Lansingh, Janet Leasher, Nicolas Leveziel, Kovin S Naidoo, Vinay Nangia, Michal Nowak, Konrad Pesudovs, Tunde Peto, Pradeep Ramulu, Serge Resnikoff, Tabassom Sedighi, Ian Tapply, Hugh Taylor, Fotis Topouzis, Miltiadis Tsilimbaris, Ya Xing Wang, Ningli Wang
Developing methods or computational machinery
Rupert R A Bourne, Jost B Jonas, Ian Tapply
Providing critical feedback on methods or results
Alessandro Arrigo, Mukharram M Bikbov, Rupert R A Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Monte A Del Monte, David Friedman, João M Furtado, M Elizabeth Hartnett, Jost B Jonas, Rim Kahloun, John H Kempen, Konrad Pesudovs, Serge Resnikoff, Ian Tapply, Ningli Wang
Drafting the work or revising it critically for important intellectual content
Alessandro Arrigo, Mukharram M Bikbov, Rupert R A Bourne, Tasanee Braithwaite, Nathan Congdon, Monte A Del Monte, João M Furtado, M Elizabeth Hartnett, Jost B Jonas, Janet Leasher, Konrad Pesudovs
Managing the estimation or publications process
Rupert R A Bourne, João M Furtado, Jost B Jonas
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Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study., the GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators. Global estimates on the number of people blind or visually impaired by age-related macular degeneration: a meta-analysis from 2000 to 2020. Eye (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03050-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41433-024-03050-z